Copper

Ceruloplasmin is a copper-containing enzyme that binds iron, helping to keep it in its safe oxidized form. This protein is produced by the liver and is an acute phase reactant, meaning its levels increase in response to inflammation or stress. 1

Ceruloplasmin is often thought to be the main copper-regulating protein, but there are at least 20 other proteins that play a role in copper metabolism, and it is not always accurate to focus solely on ceruloplasmin. 1

Increasing ceruloplasmin is not a goal of a diet or lifestyle, according to Ray Peat, as it can be a sign of low thyroid function and excessive stress. 2 In fact, Ray Peat has stated that chronic loss of copper accounts for features of aging, and that thyroid is needed to absorb copper. 4

Ceruloplasmin helps to keep iron in its safe oxidized form, and copper is involved in the production of melanin and elastin, which are both important for maintaining healthy skin and connective tissue. 2 However, excessive exposure to cortisol can lead to the loss of melanin, elastin, and respiratory capacity, which is characteristic of senescence. 2

Estrogen and cortisol can inhibit mitochondrial oxidation, leading to the accumulation of NADH and a drop in the NAD+/NADH ratio, which can result in the production of reactive oxygen species and inflammation. 6 Ceruloplasmin levels can also rise in response to estrogen, which can be a sign of inflammation or cancer. 6

In contrast to the idea that ceruloplasmin should be increased, some research suggests that high levels of ceruloplasmin can be a sign of bad situations, such as inflammation or cancer. 7