Endotoxin (Lipopolysaccharide, LPS)

Endotoxin, also known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is a molecule produced by certain bacteria, particularly gram-negative bacteria, that serves as a structural component of the bacterium's outer membrane. It is composed of a chain of sugar molecules with fatty acids attached, giving it a soap-like behavior that is toxic to cells 2.

The "endo" root in endotoxin distinguishes it from exotoxins, which are secreted by bacteria to poison their environment. Endotoxin is not strictly an endotoxin, as it leaks out of the bacterium during growth and cell division, rather than being released only when the bacterium is broken apart 4.

Normally, the intestine and liver destroy most of the LPS endotoxin before it reaches the general circulation. However, if the flow of bile is obstructed, endotoxin can enter the bloodstream, where it can cause inflammation and damage to tissues 1.

Endotoxin has been found to decrease thyroid production, increase iron oxidation, decrease progesterone, increase estrogen, burden the liver, suppress the immune system, and induce insulin resistance 5.

In a stressed state, circulation is reduced, increasing the permeability of the intestine and allowing more endotoxin to be absorbed into the bloodstream, where it can act as a metabolic burden to the liver 5.

Ray Peat notes that endotoxin is a stimulant to the immune system, and a small amount is absorbed all the time without causing harm. However, excessive absorption can lead to a range of negative effects, including inflammation and damage to tissues 8.

The bactericidal effect of raw carrots can help to protect against the absorption of endotoxin by suppressing the growth of bacteria and stimulating excretion 8.